The evaluation scheme for each course shall contain two parts; (a) internal evaluation and (b) external evaluation. 50% weightage shall be given to internal evaluation and the remaining 50% to external evaluation and the ratio and weightage between internal and external is 1:1.  (a) Internal evaluation: The internal evaluation shall be based on predetermined transparent system involving periodic written tests, assignments, seminars and attendance in respect of theory courses and based on written tests, lab skill/records/viva and attendance in respect of practical courses.

 The Department of Life Sciences aims at developing talented individuals for the prosperity of society. The curriculum is designed in such a way that the students are able to apply the knowledge into practice. The aim of the department is to provide an on-hand training of practical knowledge to meet the demands of the industry and to prepare students for higher studies and research. The interactive method of teaching is to bring about attitudinal changes to future professionals of the industry. Equal importance is also given to practical and theoretical methods of learning apart from experiential and digital modes of learning. Projects form an integral part of the curriculum. Apart from the regular syllabus, the department offers Certificate Courses in gardening and herbal medicine, industry visit, field trips, and visits to places of important biodiversity reserves.

 The department seeks to offer its students holistic development and academic excellence to contribute effectively to the research and development of the subject.

 The programme is offered to students opting for a BSc degree with the combinations of Biotechnology and Botany and BSc (Biotechnology Honours/Honours with Research) or BSc (Botany Honours/Honours with Research). The programme leads the students to higher learning in biological and applied sciences and contributes to society’s welfare. It is designed to help the students to understand the importance and judicious use of technology for the sustainable growth of mankind in synergy with nature. The courses in BSc (Biotechnology, Botany /Honours/Honours with Research) provide students with vital core science concepts and an application-oriented undergraduate education. Biotechnology courses aim to prepare students for jobs in the vitally important and rapidly growing biotechnology sector. Additionally, Students acquire foundational knowledge and skill sets covering fundamental sciences and technology. Given the need to improve undergraduate instruction that encourages interdisciplinary training and teamwork, this programme develops adaptable students with a strong foundation in competencies relevant to the evolving biotechnology industry. It gives the students hands-on instruction in biotechnology skills and methods. During the study of this programme, students will be trained to use an experimental learning strategy to integrate the program's laboratory and lecture components. This programme combines cutting-edge biotechnology research with instruction practically and uniquely.

Programme Outcome/Programme Learning Goals/Programme Learning Outcome:

PO2: use skills for critical assessment of a wide range of ideas and complex problems relating to the chosen field of study.

PO3: imbibe ethical, moral and social values in personal and social life leading to a highly cultured and civilized personality and developing various communication skills such as reading, listening, speaking, etc., which will help in expressing ideas and views clearly and effectively.

PO4: exhibit critical thinking with scientific temper

PO5: utilize the theoretical and practical knowledge of basic concepts of science to apply in various branches of biotechnology

PO6: exhibit deeper understanding of the fundamental and applied concepts of biotechnology subjects in entrepreneurial sectors and sustainable environmental management

PO7: demonstrate and apply the fundamental knowledge of the basic principles in major fields of plant science.

The present course deals with the study of lower groups of plants and the diseases caused in plants. The units of Phycology and Mycology deals with the general characters, thallus organization, morphology and life cycles of different algae and fungi. The unit of plant pathology discusses the diseases caused in plants and evaluates the symptoms, causal agents and control measures of infected plants.

General characteristics; Ecology and distribution; Range of thallus organization and reproduction; Classification of algae (Fritsch); Morphology and life-cycles of the following: Scytonema, Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chara, Pinnularia, Sargassum, and Polysiphonia (Development of antheridium and oogonium in Volvox and Polysiphonia). Economic importance of algae

General characteristics; Ecology and distribution; Range of thallus organization and reproduction; Classification of algae (Fritsch); Morphology and life-cycles of the following: Scytonema, Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chara, Pinnularia, Sargassum, and Polysiphonia (Development of antheridium and oogonium in Volvox and Polysiphonia). Economic importance of algae

Introduction- General characteristics, ecology and significance, range of thallus organization, cell wall composition, nutrition, reproduction and classification by Ainsworth; True Fungi- General characteristics, ecology and significance, life cycle of Phytophthora (Mastigomycotina), Rhizopus (Zygomycotina) Penicillium, Peziza (Ascomycotina), Puccinia, Agaricus (Basidiomycotina), Colletotrichum (Deuteromycotina). Symbiotic Associations- Lichens: General account, reproduction and significance; Mycorrhiza: ectomycorrhiza and endomycorrhiza and their significance.

Introduction- General characteristics, ecology and significance, range of thallus organization, cell wall composition, nutrition, reproduction and classification by Ainsworth; True Fungi- General characteristics, ecology and significance, life cycle of Phytophthora (Mastigomycotina), Rhizopus (Zygomycotina) Penicillium, Peziza (Ascomycotina), Puccinia, Agaricus (Basidiomycotina), Colletotrichum (Deuteromycotina). Symbiotic Associations- Lichens: General account, reproduction and significance; Mycorrhiza: ectomycorrhiza and endomycorrhiza and their significance.

Introduction, terms and definitions, Parasitism and its types, disease (different disease cycle: monocyclic, polycyclic, and polyetic. Symptoms of disease, categories of symptoms (Necrotic, Atrophic and hypertrophic). Concept on different types of plant diseases: systemic disease, soil borne disease, seed borne disease, and air borne diseases, dissemination of plant diseases and its types, Epidemiology and disease forecasting, methods used in disease forecasting. Diseases caused by both biotic and abiotic agents. Control of plant diseases, chemicals used in plant disease control. Integrated plant disease management. Classification of plant diseases. 

Study of selected plant disease:

Fungal diseases: Black stem rust of wheat, Tikka disease of groundnut [host, symptoms, causal organism, disease cycle and disease management], 

Bacterial diseases: Citrus Canker [host, symptoms, causal organism, disease cycle and disease management].

Viral Diseases: Tobacco mosaic virus [host, symptoms, causal organism, disease cycle and disease management].

Introduction, terms and definitions, Parasitism and its types, disease (different disease cycle: monocyclic, polycyclic, and polyetic. Symptoms of disease, categories of symptoms (Necrotic, Atrophic and hypertrophic). Concept on different types of plant diseases: systemic disease, soil borne disease, seed borne disease, and air borne diseases, dissemination of plant diseases and its types, Epidemiology and disease forecasting, methods used in disease forecasting. Diseases caused by both biotic and abiotic agents. Control of plant diseases, chemicals used in plant disease control. Integrated plant disease management. Classification of plant diseases. 

Study of selected plant disease:

Fungal diseases: Black stem rust of wheat, Tikka disease of groundnut [host, symptoms, causal organism, disease cycle and disease management], 

Bacterial diseases: Citrus Canker [host, symptoms, causal organism, disease cycle and disease management].

Viral Diseases: Tobacco mosaic virus [host, symptoms, causal organism, disease cycle and disease management].

1. Hait Bhattacharya and Ghosh. A Text book of Botany, Volume 1, New Delhi: NCBA, 2012.

2. Pandey, B. P. College Botany, Vol. I: Algae, Fungi, Lichens, Bacteria, Viruses, Plant Pathology, Industrial Microbiology and Bryophyta. New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd, 2001.

 CIAI – Assignments/test/presentation/etc – 10%

 CIAII – Midsemester exam – 25%

 CIAIII - Assignments/test/presentation/etc – 10%

 Attendance – 5%

 End Semester Theory Exam – 50%

The present course deals with the study of lower groups of plants and the diseases caused in plants. The units of Phycology and Mycology deals with the vegetative and reproductive structures (asexual and sexual stages/spores) of algae and fungi. The unit of plant pathology discusses the diseases caused in plants and evaluates the symptoms, causal agents and control measures of infected plants.

1. Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of Scytonema, Chlamydomonas, Volvox,  Chara, Pinnularia, Sargassum, and Polysiphonia through temporary preparations and permanent slides.

2. Rhizopus and Penicillium: Asexual stage from temporary mounts and sexual structures through permanent slides.

3. Peziza: Sexual stage from temporary mounts (Apothecium) and V. S. of apothecium through permanent slides. 

4. Puccinia: Herbarium specimens of Black Stem Rust of Wheat and infected Barberry leaves; section/tease mounts of spores on Wheat (primary host) for Uredospore and teleutospore observation. Observation of permanent slides of uredospores, teleutospores, pycniospores and aeciospores. 

5. Agaricus: Specimens of button stage and full grown mushroom. 

6. Lichens: Study of growth forms of lichens (crustose, foliose- Parmelia and fruticose - Usnea)

7. Mycorrhiza: ecto mycorrhiza and endomycorrhizae (Photographs)

8. Study of symptoms, causal organisms and control measures of Black stem rust of wheat, Tikka disease of groundnut, Citrus Canker, and Tobacco mosaic virus.

1. Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of Scytonema, Chlamydomonas, Volvox,  Chara, Pinnularia, Sargassum, and Polysiphonia through temporary preparations and permanent slides.

2. Rhizopus and Penicillium: Asexual stage from temporary mounts and sexual structures through permanent slides.

3. Peziza: Sexual stage from temporary mounts (Apothecium) and V. S. of apothecium through permanent slides. 

4. Puccinia: Herbarium specimens of Black Stem Rust of Wheat and infected Barberry leaves; section/tease mounts of spores on Wheat (primary host) for Uredospore and teleutospore observation. Observation of permanent slides of uredospores, teleutospores, pycniospores and aeciospores. 

5. Agaricus: Specimens of button stage and full grown mushroom. 

6. Lichens: Study of growth forms of lichens (crustose, foliose- Parmelia and fruticose - Usnea)

7. Mycorrhiza: ecto mycorrhiza and endomycorrhizae (Photographs)

8. Study of symptoms, causal organisms and control measures of Black stem rust of wheat, Tikka disease of groundnut, Citrus Canker, and Tobacco mosaic virus.

1. Hait Bhattacharya and Ghosh. A Text book of Botany, Volume 1, New Delhi: NCBA, 2012.

2. Pandey, B. P. College Botany, Vol. I: Algae, Fungi, Lichens, Bacteria, Viruses, Plant Pathology, Industrial Microbiology and Bryophyta. New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd, 2001.

CIA-I – Performance – 20 Marks

CIA-II- Mid Semester Practical Examination – 20 Marks

CIA-III – Record – 10 Marks

 ESE - 50 Marks (50%)

Question Paper Pattern

1. Make micro-preparation of the given specimen A. Identify with reason and

draw a neat labeled diagram. Leave the slides for evaluation. (8 Marks)

(Preparation – 2.0 M, Identification with systematic position – 1.0 M, Comments –

2.0 M, labeled diagram – 3M)

2. Sort out any two algae from the algal mixture B and make separate clear

mounts. Identify and draw labeled diagrams. (10 Marks)

(Preparation – 1.0 M, Identification with systematic position – 1.0 M, Comments –

1.0 M, labeled diagram - 2.0 M)

3. Make micro-preparation of the given specimen C. Identify with reason and

draw a neat labeled diagram. Leave the slides for evaluation. (8 Marks)

(Preparation – 2.0 M, Identification with systematic position – 1.0 M, Comments –

2.0 M, labeled diagram – 3M)

4. Identify and comment on the reproductive parts of the specimen’s D and E

(2X5=10 Marks)

(Identification and classification – 1.0 M, Comments – 2.0 M, labeled diagram – 2M)

5. Spot at sight F, and G (2X2=4 Marks)

(Generic name – 1.0 M, Part displayed – 1.0 M)

6. Identification and comment on the plant diseases H and I (2X5=10 Marks)

(Identification of the disease: 1.0 M, Comments: Host - 1.0 M, Causative organism -

 1.0 M, symptoms - 1.0 M, Control measures - 1.0 M)

Mushroom cultivation offers the students theoretical and practical knowledge on mushroom farming.  Course provides the necessary skill sets for the students to identify the mushrooms at species level and will enable the students to differentiate poisonous and edible mushrooms. Prospects and the scope of mushroom cultivation will be detailed in the course. The course introduces methods of growing edible mushrooms, including culture maintenance, basic mushroom substrate selection process. Course also covers an important aspect of pest management and disease control strategy.

Introduction - Present scenario and prospects for Mushroom Cultivation; Nutritional and medicinal value of edible mushrooms; Brief description of Poisonous mushrooms; Types of edible mushrooms available in India - Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Agaricus bisporus; mushroom growing room and environmental growing systems, sterile techniques, an overview of techniques for mushroom cultivation, strain selection and improvement

Introduction - Present scenario and prospects for Mushroom Cultivation; Nutritional and medicinal value of edible mushrooms; Brief description of Poisonous mushrooms; Types of edible mushrooms available in India - Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Agaricus bisporus; mushroom growing room and environmental growing systems, sterile techniques, an overview of techniques for mushroom cultivation, strain selection and improvement

Introduction - Present scenario and prospects for Mushroom Cultivation; Nutritional and medicinal value of edible mushrooms; Brief description of Poisonous mushrooms; Types of edible mushrooms available in India - Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Agaricus bisporus; mushroom growing room and environmental growing systems, sterile techniques, an overview of techniques for mushroom cultivation, strain selection and improvement

Introduction - Present scenario and prospects for Mushroom Cultivation; Nutritional and medicinal value of edible mushrooms; Brief description of Poisonous mushrooms; Types of edible mushrooms available in India - Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Agaricus bisporus; mushroom growing room and environmental growing systems, sterile techniques, an overview of techniques for mushroom cultivation, strain selection and improvement

Introduction - Present scenario and prospects for Mushroom Cultivation; Nutritional and medicinal value of edible mushrooms; Brief description of Poisonous mushrooms; Types of edible mushrooms available in India - Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Agaricus bisporus; mushroom growing room and environmental growing systems, sterile techniques, an overview of techniques for mushroom cultivation, strain selection and improvement

Cultivation Technology of mushrooms: Infrastructure, substrates (locally available), Polythene bag, vessels, Inoculation hook, inoculation loop, low-cost stove, sieves, culture rack, mushroom unit (Thatched house), water sprayer, tray, small polythene bag. Pure culture: Medium, sterilization, preparation of spawn, multiplication. Mushroom bed preparation - paddy straw, sugarcane trash, maize straw, banana leaves. Factors affecting the mushroom bed preparation- Low-cost technology, composting technology in mushroom production -Role of composting in Mushroom cultivation, Appropriate materials to prepare different types of compost, Methods of composting – preparation and pasteurization, Determination of quality of compost, Hazards & risks associated with composting.

Cultivation Technology of mushrooms: Infrastructure, substrates (locally available), Polythene bag, vessels, Inoculation hook, inoculation loop, low-cost stove, sieves, culture rack, mushroom unit (Thatched house), water sprayer, tray, small polythene bag. Pure culture: Medium, sterilization, preparation of spawn, multiplication. Mushroom bed preparation - paddy straw, sugarcane trash, maize straw, banana leaves. Factors affecting the mushroom bed preparation- Low-cost technology, composting technology in mushroom production -Role of composting in Mushroom cultivation, Appropriate materials to prepare different types of compost, Methods of composting – preparation and pasteurization, Determination of quality of compost, Hazards & risks associated with composting.

Cultivation Technology of mushrooms: Infrastructure, substrates (locally available), Polythene bag, vessels, Inoculation hook, inoculation loop, low-cost stove, sieves, culture rack, mushroom unit (Thatched house), water sprayer, tray, small polythene bag. Pure culture: Medium, sterilization, preparation of spawn, multiplication. Mushroom bed preparation - paddy straw, sugarcane trash, maize straw, banana leaves. Factors affecting the mushroom bed preparation- Low-cost technology, composting technology in mushroom production -Role of composting in Mushroom cultivation, Appropriate materials to prepare different types of compost, Methods of composting – preparation and pasteurization, Determination of quality of compost, Hazards & risks associated with composting.

Cultivation Technology of mushrooms: Infrastructure, substrates (locally available), Polythene bag, vessels, Inoculation hook, inoculation loop, low-cost stove, sieves, culture rack, mushroom unit (Thatched house), water sprayer, tray, small polythene bag. Pure culture: Medium, sterilization, preparation of spawn, multiplication. Mushroom bed preparation - paddy straw, sugarcane trash, maize straw, banana leaves. Factors affecting the mushroom bed preparation- Low-cost technology, composting technology in mushroom production -Role of composting in Mushroom cultivation, Appropriate materials to prepare different types of compost, Methods of composting – preparation and pasteurization, Determination of quality of compost, Hazards & risks associated with composting.

Cultivation Technology of mushrooms: Infrastructure, substrates (locally available), Polythene bag, vessels, Inoculation hook, inoculation loop, low-cost stove, sieves, culture rack, mushroom unit (Thatched house), water sprayer, tray, small polythene bag. Pure culture: Medium, sterilization, preparation of spawn, multiplication. Mushroom bed preparation - paddy straw, sugarcane trash, maize straw, banana leaves. Factors affecting the mushroom bed preparation- Low-cost technology, composting technology in mushroom production -Role of composting in Mushroom cultivation, Appropriate materials to prepare different types of compost, Methods of composting – preparation and pasteurization, Determination of quality of compost, Hazards & risks associated with composting.

Disease control and pest Management: diseases of mushrooms, inspection of Mushroom bags or beds for early detection of pests and diseases, sterilized casing to control nematodes, Spraying fungicide after casing to check dry bubbles, Spraying insecticide for control of mites, Use of caustic chemicals to keep rodents away

Disease control and pest Management: diseases of mushrooms, inspection of Mushroom bags or beds for early detection of pests and diseases, sterilized casing to control nematodes, Spraying fungicide after casing to check dry bubbles, Spraying insecticide for control of mites, Use of caustic chemicals to keep rodents away

Disease control and pest Management: diseases of mushrooms, inspection of Mushroom bags or beds for early detection of pests and diseases, sterilized casing to control nematodes, Spraying fungicide after casing to check dry bubbles, Spraying insecticide for control of mites, Use of caustic chemicals to keep rodents away

Disease control and pest Management: diseases of mushrooms, inspection of Mushroom bags or beds for early detection of pests and diseases, sterilized casing to control nematodes, Spraying fungicide after casing to check dry bubbles, Spraying insecticide for control of mites, Use of caustic chemicals to keep rodents away

Disease control and pest Management: diseases of mushrooms, inspection of Mushroom bags or beds for early detection of pests and diseases, sterilized casing to control nematodes, Spraying fungicide after casing to check dry bubbles, Spraying insecticide for control of mites, Use of caustic chemicals to keep rodents away

Short-term storage (Refrigeration – up to 24 hours), Long-term Storage (canning, pickles, papads), drying, and storage in salt solutions, preservation of mushrooms. Nutrition - Proteins - amino acids, mineral elements nutrition - Carbohydrates, Crude fibre content - Vitamins.

Short-term storage (Refrigeration – up to 24 hours), Long-term Storage (canning, pickles, papads), drying, and storage in salt solutions, preservation of mushrooms. Nutrition - Proteins - amino acids, mineral elements nutrition - Carbohydrates, Crude fibre content - Vitamins.

Short-term storage (Refrigeration – up to 24 hours), Long-term Storage (canning, pickles, papads), drying, and storage in salt solutions, preservation of mushrooms. Nutrition - Proteins - amino acids, mineral elements nutrition - Carbohydrates, Crude fibre content - Vitamins.

Short-term storage (Refrigeration – up to 24 hours), Long-term Storage (canning, pickles, papads), drying, and storage in salt solutions, preservation of mushrooms. Nutrition - Proteins - amino acids, mineral elements nutrition - Carbohydrates, Crude fibre content - Vitamins.

Short-term storage (Refrigeration – up to 24 hours), Long-term Storage (canning, pickles, papads), drying, and storage in salt solutions, preservation of mushrooms. Nutrition - Proteins - amino acids, mineral elements nutrition - Carbohydrates, Crude fibre content - Vitamins.

Packaging, storing and grading of Mushroom & post-harvest procedures: Sorting the Mushrooms on size and quality, Packaging Mushrooms with labels containing the month and year of harvesting, quantity and type of Mushroom etc, Management of spent substrates and waste disposal of various mushrooms.Use of spent Mushrooms in vermi-composting and organic farming, Preparation of value-added products of Mushroom

Packaging, storing and grading of Mushroom & post-harvest procedures: Sorting the Mushrooms on size and quality, Packaging Mushrooms with labels containing the month and year of harvesting, quantity and type of Mushroom etc, Management of spent substrates and waste disposal of various mushrooms.Use of spent Mushrooms in vermi-composting and organic farming, Preparation of value-added products of Mushroom

Packaging, storing and grading of Mushroom & post-harvest procedures: Sorting the Mushrooms on size and quality, Packaging Mushrooms with labels containing the month and year of harvesting, quantity and type of Mushroom etc, Management of spent substrates and waste disposal of various mushrooms.Use of spent Mushrooms in vermi-composting and organic farming, Preparation of value-added products of Mushroom

Packaging, storing and grading of Mushroom & post-harvest procedures: Sorting the Mushrooms on size and quality, Packaging Mushrooms with labels containing the month and year of harvesting, quantity and type of Mushroom etc, Management of spent substrates and waste disposal of various mushrooms.Use of spent Mushrooms in vermi-composting and organic farming, Preparation of value-added products of Mushroom

Packaging, storing and grading of Mushroom & post-harvest procedures: Sorting the Mushrooms on size and quality, Packaging Mushrooms with labels containing the month and year of harvesting, quantity and type of Mushroom etc, Management of spent substrates and waste disposal of various mushrooms.Use of spent Mushrooms in vermi-composting and organic farming, Preparation of value-added products of Mushroom

Food Preparation: Types of foods prepared from the mushroom. Research Centres - National level and Regional level. Cost-benefit ratio - Marketing in India and abroad, Export Value.

Food Preparation: Types of foods prepared from the mushroom. Research Centres - National level and Regional level. Cost-benefit ratio - Marketing in India and abroad, Export Value.

Food Preparation: Types of foods prepared from the mushroom. Research Centres - National level and Regional level. Cost-benefit ratio - Marketing in India and abroad, Export Value.

Food Preparation: Types of foods prepared from the mushroom. Research Centres - National level and Regional level. Cost-benefit ratio - Marketing in India and abroad, Export Value.

Food Preparation: Types of foods prepared from the mushroom. Research Centres - National level and Regional level. Cost-benefit ratio - Marketing in India and abroad, Export Value.

Field Visit & Interaction with Mushroom cultivators and other Support Agencies

Field Visit & Interaction with Mushroom cultivators and other Support Agencies

Field Visit & Interaction with Mushroom cultivators and other Support Agencies

Field Visit & Interaction with Mushroom cultivators and other Support Agencies

Field Visit & Interaction with Mushroom cultivators and other Support Agencies

2. Tewan and Pankaj Kapoor S.C. 1993. Mushroom cultivation. Mittal Publication. Delhi.

3. Marimuth et al., 1991. Oyster Mushrooms. Dept. of Plant pathology, TNAU, Coimbatore.

 4. Shu Fing Chang, Philip G. Miles and Chang, S.T. 2004. Mushrooms Cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect and environmental impact. 2nd ed., CRC press.

 2.      Kumar, N., 1997, Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagercoil.

 CIAI – Assignments/test/presentation/etc – 10%

 CIAII – Midsemester exam – 25%

 CIAIII - Assignments/test/presentation/etc – 10%

 Attendance – 5%

 End Semester Theory Exam – 50%

This course covers the basic science and technology of algae cultivation. It provides students with the skills required to work in the algae cultivation (algaculture) industry or create their own algal culture business. Students will learn the controlled environment requirements for successfully cultivating various algae species. The program emphasizes training in algal cultivation technologies, including algal culture extension training. Knowledge acquired will prepare students for jobs as Greenhouse/Agricultural Workers, Plant Technicians, Plant Managers, Laboratory Technicians, Sales Managers, Public Relations and Outreach, Extension Service and/or Business Owners/Managers

Algal taxonomy and classification, Algal life cycle and growth requirements, Algal biochemistry and metabolism, Algal ecology and distribution.

Algal taxonomy and classification, Algal life cycle and growth requirements, Algal biochemistry and metabolism, Algal ecology and distribution.

Algal taxonomy and classification, Algal life cycle and growth requirements, Algal biochemistry and metabolism, Algal ecology and distribution.

Algal taxonomy and classification, Algal life cycle and growth requirements, Algal biochemistry and metabolism, Algal ecology and distribution.

Algal taxonomy and classification, Algal life cycle and growth requirements, Algal biochemistry and metabolism, Algal ecology and distribution.

Lab scale culture, Photo-bioreactors: types and optimization, Open systems: Ponds, Organic Spirulina cultivation, Strategies to increase biomass in algal culture systems.

Lab scale culture, Photo-bioreactors: types and optimization, Open systems: Ponds, Organic Spirulina cultivation, Strategies to increase biomass in algal culture systems.

Lab scale culture, Photo-bioreactors: types and optimization, Open systems: Ponds, Organic Spirulina cultivation, Strategies to increase biomass in algal culture systems.

Lab scale culture, Photo-bioreactors: types and optimization, Open systems: Ponds, Organic Spirulina cultivation, Strategies to increase biomass in algal culture systems.

Lab scale culture, Photo-bioreactors: types and optimization, Open systems: Ponds, Organic Spirulina cultivation, Strategies to increase biomass in algal culture systems.

Life history of major commercially important seaweed species of India (Including Kappaphycus, Sargassum, Ulva, Porphyra), Nursery rearing of Zoids of seaweed species, Commercial mariculture methods of seaweeds, Floating raft method, semi-floating raft method, off-bottom method and bottom planting method, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture.

Life history of major commercially important seaweed species of India (Including Kappaphycus, Sargassum, Ulva, Porphyra), Nursery rearing of Zoids of seaweed species, Commercial mariculture methods of seaweeds, Floating raft method, semi-floating raft method, off-bottom method and bottom planting method, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture.

Life history of major commercially important seaweed species of India (Including Kappaphycus, Sargassum, Ulva, Porphyra), Nursery rearing of Zoids of seaweed species, Commercial mariculture methods of seaweeds, Floating raft method, semi-floating raft method, off-bottom method and bottom planting method, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture.

Life history of major commercially important seaweed species of India (Including Kappaphycus, Sargassum, Ulva, Porphyra), Nursery rearing of Zoids of seaweed species, Commercial mariculture methods of seaweeds, Floating raft method, semi-floating raft method, off-bottom method and bottom planting method, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture.

Life history of major commercially important seaweed species of India (Including Kappaphycus, Sargassum, Ulva, Porphyra), Nursery rearing of Zoids of seaweed species, Commercial mariculture methods of seaweeds, Floating raft method, semi-floating raft method, off-bottom method and bottom planting method, Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture.

Major algal species for biofuel research, advantageous for using algae for biofuel production in comparison with terrestrial plants like Jatropha, strategies to increase the oil content of algae, downstream processing for the biofuel production.

Major algal species for biofuel research, advantageous for using algae for biofuel production in comparison with terrestrial plants like Jatropha, strategies to increase the oil content of algae, downstream processing for the biofuel production.

Major algal species for biofuel research, advantageous for using algae for biofuel production in comparison with terrestrial plants like Jatropha, strategies to increase the oil content of algae, downstream processing for the biofuel production.

Major algal species for biofuel research, advantageous for using algae for biofuel production in comparison with terrestrial plants like Jatropha, strategies to increase the oil content of algae, downstream processing for the biofuel production.

Major algal species for biofuel research, advantageous for using algae for biofuel production in comparison with terrestrial plants like Jatropha, strategies to increase the oil content of algae, downstream processing for the biofuel production.

Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS), CCS as mitigation for climate change, CCS through algae, strategies to increase carbon sequestration levels, Major algal species as candidates for CCS.

Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS), CCS as mitigation for climate change, CCS through algae, strategies to increase carbon sequestration levels, Major algal species as candidates for CCS.

Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS), CCS as mitigation for climate change, CCS through algae, strategies to increase carbon sequestration levels, Major algal species as candidates for CCS.

Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS), CCS as mitigation for climate change, CCS through algae, strategies to increase carbon sequestration levels, Major algal species as candidates for CCS.

Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS), CCS as mitigation for climate change, CCS through algae, strategies to increase carbon sequestration levels, Major algal species as candidates for CCS.

Algae-based wastewater treatment systems, Nutrient removal and recovery using algae, Algal-bacterial symbiotic systems

Algae-based wastewater treatment systems, Nutrient removal and recovery using algae, Algal-bacterial symbiotic systems

Algae-based wastewater treatment systems, Nutrient removal and recovery using algae, Algal-bacterial symbiotic systems

Algae-based wastewater treatment systems, Nutrient removal and recovery using algae, Algal-bacterial symbiotic systems

Algae-based wastewater treatment systems, Nutrient removal and recovery using algae, Algal-bacterial symbiotic systems

Visit to algal cultivation centers, Hands-on experience in algal biomass production, Algal harvesting and processing techniques, Analyzing algal samples and evaluating productivity.

Visit to algal cultivation centers, Hands-on experience in algal biomass production, Algal harvesting and processing techniques, Analyzing algal samples and evaluating productivity.

Visit to algal cultivation centers, Hands-on experience in algal biomass production, Algal harvesting and processing techniques, Analyzing algal samples and evaluating productivity.

Visit to algal cultivation centers, Hands-on experience in algal biomass production, Algal harvesting and processing techniques, Analyzing algal samples and evaluating productivity.

Visit to algal cultivation centers, Hands-on experience in algal biomass production, Algal harvesting and processing techniques, Analyzing algal samples and evaluating productivity.

2. Bast, F. (2014). An Illustrated Review on Cultivation and Life History of Agronomically Important Sea plants. In Seaweed: Mineral Composition, Nutritional and Antioxidant Benefits and Agricultural Uses, EdsVitor Hugo Pomin, 39-70. Nova Publishers, New York ISBN: 978-1-63117-571-8

2. Sahoo, D. (2000). Farming the ocean: seaweed cultivation and utilization. Aravali International, New Delhi.

3. Bast, F (2014). Seaweeds: Ancestors of land plants with rich diversity. Resonance, 19(2) 1032-1043 ISSN: 0971-8044

4. Chisti, Y. (2013). Constraints to commercialization of algal fuels. Journal of Biotechnology, 167(3), 201-214.

5. Grossman, A. R., & Bhaya, D. (2014). Algal genomics: exploring the diversity of algal genomes. Genomics of Cyanobacteria, Chloroplasts, and Mitochondria, 339-363.

6. Huesemann, M. H., & Benemann, J. R. (2012). Biofuels from microalgae: a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(1), 431-454.

 7. Schnurr, P. J., & Espie, G. S. (2016). Photosynthesis in the marine green alga Ulva: impacts of light and salinity stress on electron flow to oxygen. Journal of Phycology, 52(2), 297-309.

Elements of Fieldwork is designed as a course that equips undergraduates for fieldwork relevant to research in life sciences. It aims to expose students to the rigours of fieldwork and teach some of the general methods used by field researchers not only in life sciences, but also ecology and geography. In that sense, the stress is on a broad interdisciplinary understanding of field, and practical knowledge to undertake outdoor research.

The course is divided into five units, each comprising an element of nature – earth, water, fire (energy), air and sky (space). Together they expose students to different aspects of the environment. Earth is all about different terrains and their role in supporting biodiversity. The classes will include understanding different geographical features such as forests, rocky surfaces, wetlands, built-up spaces and drylands - through remote sensing images, maps and field observation. Water looks at  different forms and types of water, their significance to life, and water conservation. Fire deals with conventional and renewable energy sources -  starting from sunlight. Wind looks at wind flow, measurement, wind energy and effects of wind on the environment. Sky is all about understanding, mapping and  measuring space and planning its use in nature conservation. The field activities will include observation of  local weather, and an appreciation of the campus biodiversity, seasons and environmental dynamics.

While exposing students to observation and investigation of each of these elements, the course equips them with skill sets required for field study methods relevant to life sciences and ecology.

1.     The unit Earth is all about different terrains and their role in supporting biodiversity. The classes will include understanding different geographical features such as forests, rocky surfaces, wetlands, built-up spaces and drylands - through remote sensing images, maps and field observation.

      Lecture 1 - Blue Marble: earth seen from space (1hr)

The class explains the basics of satellite imagery and remote sensing. It offers a practical session on on making sense of satellite data and sources to access them.

2.     Lecture 2  - Lara Croft or Indiana Jones: kitting out for fieldwork (1hr)

The class explains: how to prepare for fieldwork? What to carry?  How to stay safe? How to be responsible and ethical?

3.     Lecture 3 -  Notes, snaps and snatches (1hr)

Using notes, sketches mobile phone cameras and sound recording. Apps and references for life sciences fieldwork. E.g., Merlin Bird ID from Cornel Ornithology Lab; iNaturalist, Kew Tropical Plant Identification Handbook

4.      Field classes: campus terrain (1hr x 6 classes)

A field study of different habitats, land features and environments in the campus and surroundings. These trips will include exercises for mapping, note-taking and usage of specialist tools and apps such as Google Earth. They will also include an appreciation of biodiversity and looking at conservation needs and options

1.     The unit Earth is all about different terrains and their role in supporting biodiversity. The classes will include understanding different geographical features such as forests, rocky surfaces, wetlands, built-up spaces and drylands - through remote sensing images, maps and field observation.

      Lecture 1 - Blue Marble: earth seen from space (1hr)

The class explains the basics of satellite imagery and remote sensing. It offers a practical session on on making sense of satellite data and sources to access them.

2.     Lecture 2  - Lara Croft or Indiana Jones: kitting out for fieldwork (1hr)

The class explains: how to prepare for fieldwork? What to carry?  How to stay safe? How to be responsible and ethical?

3.     Lecture 3 -  Notes, snaps and snatches (1hr)

Using notes, sketches mobile phone cameras and sound recording. Apps and references for life sciences fieldwork. E.g., Merlin Bird ID from Cornel Ornithology Lab; iNaturalist, Kew Tropical Plant Identification Handbook

4.      Field classes: campus terrain (1hr x 6 classes)

A field study of different habitats, land features and environments in the campus and surroundings. These trips will include exercises for mapping, note-taking and usage of specialist tools and apps such as Google Earth. They will also include an appreciation of biodiversity and looking at conservation needs and options

1.     The unit Earth is all about different terrains and their role in supporting biodiversity. The classes will include understanding different geographical features such as forests, rocky surfaces, wetlands, built-up spaces and drylands - through remote sensing images, maps and field observation.

      Lecture 1 - Blue Marble: earth seen from space (1hr)

The class explains the basics of satellite imagery and remote sensing. It offers a practical session on on making sense of satellite data and sources to access them.

2.     Lecture 2  - Lara Croft or Indiana Jones: kitting out for fieldwork (1hr)

The class explains: how to prepare for fieldwork? What to carry?  How to stay safe? How to be responsible and ethical?

3.     Lecture 3 -  Notes, snaps and snatches (1hr)

Using notes, sketches mobile phone cameras and sound recording. Apps and references for life sciences fieldwork. E.g., Merlin Bird ID from Cornel Ornithology Lab; iNaturalist, Kew Tropical Plant Identification Handbook

4.      Field classes: campus terrain (1hr x 6 classes)

A field study of different habitats, land features and environments in the campus and surroundings. These trips will include exercises for mapping, note-taking and usage of specialist tools and apps such as Google Earth. They will also include an appreciation of biodiversity and looking at conservation needs and options

1.     The unit Earth is all about different terrains and their role in supporting biodiversity. The classes will include understanding different geographical features such as forests, rocky surfaces, wetlands, built-up spaces and drylands - through remote sensing images, maps and field observation.

      Lecture 1 - Blue Marble: earth seen from space (1hr)

The class explains the basics of satellite imagery and remote sensing. It offers a practical session on on making sense of satellite data and sources to access them.

2.     Lecture 2  - Lara Croft or Indiana Jones: kitting out for fieldwork (1hr)

The class explains: how to prepare for fieldwork? What to carry?  How to stay safe? How to be responsible and ethical?

3.     Lecture 3 -  Notes, snaps and snatches (1hr)

Using notes, sketches mobile phone cameras and sound recording. Apps and references for life sciences fieldwork. E.g., Merlin Bird ID from Cornel Ornithology Lab; iNaturalist, Kew Tropical Plant Identification Handbook

4.      Field classes: campus terrain (1hr x 6 classes)

A field study of different habitats, land features and environments in the campus and surroundings. These trips will include exercises for mapping, note-taking and usage of specialist tools and apps such as Google Earth. They will also include an appreciation of biodiversity and looking at conservation needs and options

1.     The unit Earth is all about different terrains and their role in supporting biodiversity. The classes will include understanding different geographical features such as forests, rocky surfaces, wetlands, built-up spaces and drylands - through remote sensing images, maps and field observation.

      Lecture 1 - Blue Marble: earth seen from space (1hr)

The class explains the basics of satellite imagery and remote sensing. It offers a practical session on on making sense of satellite data and sources to access them.

2.     Lecture 2  - Lara Croft or Indiana Jones: kitting out for fieldwork (1hr)

The class explains: how to prepare for fieldwork? What to carry?  How to stay safe? How to be responsible and ethical?

3.     Lecture 3 -  Notes, snaps and snatches (1hr)

Using notes, sketches mobile phone cameras and sound recording. Apps and references for life sciences fieldwork. E.g., Merlin Bird ID from Cornel Ornithology Lab; iNaturalist, Kew Tropical Plant Identification Handbook

4.      Field classes: campus terrain (1hr x 6 classes)

A field study of different habitats, land features and environments in the campus and surroundings. These trips will include exercises for mapping, note-taking and usage of specialist tools and apps such as Google Earth. They will also include an appreciation of biodiversity and looking at conservation needs and options

The unit looks at  different forms and types of water, their significance to life, and water conservation. 

1.      Lecture 1 - 71%: an introduction to water resources (1hr)

An Introduction to the world’s water resources, and the challenges they face – climate change, pollution, resource crunch, conflicts.

2.      Lecture 2 - What goes up must come down: the water cycle (1hr)

An introduction to atmospheric and ocean processes involving water and its significance to the earth, its climate and people. 

3.      Lecture 3 - When it rains cats and dogs: the story of precipitation (1hr)

Basics of rain, snow, dew, monsoon, and how climate change impacts them all. 

4.      Field classes:  Water in campus 1 hr x 6 classes

Observation of water bodies in the campus, and other water sources around campus. The work will involve  finding and mapping water sources, checking water quality, appreciating aquatic life and exploring water conservation options.

The unit looks at  different forms and types of water, their significance to life, and water conservation. 

1.      Lecture 1 - 71%: an introduction to water resources (1hr)

An Introduction to the world’s water resources, and the challenges they face – climate change, pollution, resource crunch, conflicts.

2.      Lecture 2 - What goes up must come down: the water cycle (1hr)

An introduction to atmospheric and ocean processes involving water and its significance to the earth, its climate and people. 

3.      Lecture 3 - When it rains cats and dogs: the story of precipitation (1hr)

Basics of rain, snow, dew, monsoon, and how climate change impacts them all. 

4.      Field classes:  Water in campus 1 hr x 6 classes

Observation of water bodies in the campus, and other water sources around campus. The work will involve  finding and mapping water sources, checking water quality, appreciating aquatic life and exploring water conservation options.

The unit looks at  different forms and types of water, their significance to life, and water conservation. 

1.      Lecture 1 - 71%: an introduction to water resources (1hr)

An Introduction to the world’s water resources, and the challenges they face – climate change, pollution, resource crunch, conflicts.

2.      Lecture 2 - What goes up must come down: the water cycle (1hr)

An introduction to atmospheric and ocean processes involving water and its significance to the earth, its climate and people. 

3.      Lecture 3 - When it rains cats and dogs: the story of precipitation (1hr)

Basics of rain, snow, dew, monsoon, and how climate change impacts them all. 

4.      Field classes:  Water in campus 1 hr x 6 classes

Observation of water bodies in the campus, and other water sources around campus. The work will involve  finding and mapping water sources, checking water quality, appreciating aquatic life and exploring water conservation options.

The unit looks at  different forms and types of water, their significance to life, and water conservation. 

1.      Lecture 1 - 71%: an introduction to water resources (1hr)

An Introduction to the world’s water resources, and the challenges they face – climate change, pollution, resource crunch, conflicts.

2.      Lecture 2 - What goes up must come down: the water cycle (1hr)

An introduction to atmospheric and ocean processes involving water and its significance to the earth, its climate and people. 

3.      Lecture 3 - When it rains cats and dogs: the story of precipitation (1hr)

Basics of rain, snow, dew, monsoon, and how climate change impacts them all. 

4.      Field classes:  Water in campus 1 hr x 6 classes

Observation of water bodies in the campus, and other water sources around campus. The work will involve  finding and mapping water sources, checking water quality, appreciating aquatic life and exploring water conservation options.

The unit looks at  different forms and types of water, their significance to life, and water conservation. 

1.      Lecture 1 - 71%: an introduction to water resources (1hr)

An Introduction to the world’s water resources, and the challenges they face – climate change, pollution, resource crunch, conflicts.

2.      Lecture 2 - What goes up must come down: the water cycle (1hr)

An introduction to atmospheric and ocean processes involving water and its significance to the earth, its climate and people. 

3.      Lecture 3 - When it rains cats and dogs: the story of precipitation (1hr)

Basics of rain, snow, dew, monsoon, and how climate change impacts them all. 

4.      Field classes:  Water in campus 1 hr x 6 classes

Observation of water bodies in the campus, and other water sources around campus. The work will involve  finding and mapping water sources, checking water quality, appreciating aquatic life and exploring water conservation options.

Fire deals with conventional and renewable energy sources -  starting from sunlight.

Lecture 1 - E=mc²: The energy cycle (1hr)

The class explains the interactions between energy sources within the Earth’s environment. Even small changes impact long-term climate and in turn life.

2.      Lecture 2 - Big Oil, bad oil: the fossil fuel crisis (1hr)

       A class on carbon emissions, and the role of transport and industry 

3.      Lecture 3 -  Hype, hip or a hippie thing. The renewables revolution (1hr)

Solar, wind, waves, smart buildings: how renewables and energy saving saves our climate. 

4.       Field classes: A race to reach zero (1 hrs x 6 classes)

Campus tours to explore various efforts and new options for smart/renewable energy systems. The exploration will include introduction to technologies such as energy meters and light-sensitive switches, and interviews with experts and university officers.

Fire deals with conventional and renewable energy sources -  starting from sunlight.

Lecture 1 - E=mc²: The energy cycle (1hr)

The class explains the interactions between energy sources within the Earth’s environment. Even small changes impact long-term climate and in turn life.

2.      Lecture 2 - Big Oil, bad oil: the fossil fuel crisis (1hr)

       A class on carbon emissions, and the role of transport and industry 

3.      Lecture 3 -  Hype, hip or a hippie thing. The renewables revolution (1hr)

Solar, wind, waves, smart buildings: how renewables and energy saving saves our climate. 

4.       Field classes: A race to reach zero (1 hrs x 6 classes)

Campus tours to explore various efforts and new options for smart/renewable energy systems. The exploration will include introduction to technologies such as energy meters and light-sensitive switches, and interviews with experts and university officers.

Fire deals with conventional and renewable energy sources -  starting from sunlight.

Lecture 1 - E=mc²: The energy cycle (1hr)

The class explains the interactions between energy sources within the Earth’s environment. Even small changes impact long-term climate and in turn life.

2.      Lecture 2 - Big Oil, bad oil: the fossil fuel crisis (1hr)

       A class on carbon emissions, and the role of transport and industry 

3.      Lecture 3 -  Hype, hip or a hippie thing. The renewables revolution (1hr)

Solar, wind, waves, smart buildings: how renewables and energy saving saves our climate. 

4.       Field classes: A race to reach zero (1 hrs x 6 classes)

Campus tours to explore various efforts and new options for smart/renewable energy systems. The exploration will include introduction to technologies such as energy meters and light-sensitive switches, and interviews with experts and university officers.

Fire deals with conventional and renewable energy sources -  starting from sunlight.

Lecture 1 - E=mc²: The energy cycle (1hr)

The class explains the interactions between energy sources within the Earth’s environment. Even small changes impact long-term climate and in turn life.

2.      Lecture 2 - Big Oil, bad oil: the fossil fuel crisis (1hr)

       A class on carbon emissions, and the role of transport and industry 

3.      Lecture 3 -  Hype, hip or a hippie thing. The renewables revolution (1hr)

Solar, wind, waves, smart buildings: how renewables and energy saving saves our climate. 

4.       Field classes: A race to reach zero (1 hrs x 6 classes)

Campus tours to explore various efforts and new options for smart/renewable energy systems. The exploration will include introduction to technologies such as energy meters and light-sensitive switches, and interviews with experts and university officers.

Fire deals with conventional and renewable energy sources -  starting from sunlight.

Lecture 1 - E=mc²: The energy cycle (1hr)

The class explains the interactions between energy sources within the Earth’s environment. Even small changes impact long-term climate and in turn life.

2.      Lecture 2 - Big Oil, bad oil: the fossil fuel crisis (1hr)

       A class on carbon emissions, and the role of transport and industry 

3.      Lecture 3 -  Hype, hip or a hippie thing. The renewables revolution (1hr)

Solar, wind, waves, smart buildings: how renewables and energy saving saves our climate. 

4.       Field classes: A race to reach zero (1 hrs x 6 classes)

Campus tours to explore various efforts and new options for smart/renewable energy systems. The exploration will include introduction to technologies such as energy meters and light-sensitive switches, and interviews with experts and university officers.

The unit Wind looks at wind flow, measurement, energy and effects of wind on the environment.

1.      Lecture  1 - one with the wind: Global wind circulation, local impacts (1hr)                                                           An introduction to global wind patterns or the "general circulation", surface winds and their local influence

2.       Lecture 2 - Breathing life: wind influence on flora and fauna (1hr)

The class explains how changing wind patterns influence forests, farms and species dispersal 

3.       Lecture 3 - Windmills of your mind: wind as a renewable energy resource (1hr)

An introductory class on wind energy resources, their relevance, future and impacts on the environment.

1.       Field classes:  chasing the wind (1hr x 6 classes)

Measuring and mapping wind at different parts and heights of the Central Campus and surrounding areas with a handheld anemometer and a wind vane. Understanding how buildings influence wind flow, and wind flow influences ambient temperature. Spotting cool places in campus. Checking options for wind/hybrid energy generation systems in campus.

The unit Wind looks at wind flow, measurement, energy and effects of wind on the environment.

1.      Lecture  1 - one with the wind: Global wind circulation, local impacts (1hr)                                                           An introduction to global wind patterns or the "general circulation", surface winds and their local influence

2.       Lecture 2 - Breathing life: wind influence on flora and fauna (1hr)

The class explains how changing wind patterns influence forests, farms and species dispersal 

3.       Lecture 3 - Windmills of your mind: wind as a renewable energy resource (1hr)

An introductory class on wind energy resources, their relevance, future and impacts on the environment.

1.       Field classes:  chasing the wind (1hr x 6 classes)

Measuring and mapping wind at different parts and heights of the Central Campus and surrounding areas with a handheld anemometer and a wind vane. Understanding how buildings influence wind flow, and wind flow influences ambient temperature. Spotting cool places in campus. Checking options for wind/hybrid energy generation systems in campus.

The unit Wind looks at wind flow, measurement, energy and effects of wind on the environment.

1.      Lecture  1 - one with the wind: Global wind circulation, local impacts (1hr)                                                           An introduction to global wind patterns or the "general circulation", surface winds and their local influence

2.       Lecture 2 - Breathing life: wind influence on flora and fauna (1hr)

The class explains how changing wind patterns influence forests, farms and species dispersal 

3.       Lecture 3 - Windmills of your mind: wind as a renewable energy resource (1hr)

An introductory class on wind energy resources, their relevance, future and impacts on the environment.

1.       Field classes:  chasing the wind (1hr x 6 classes)

Measuring and mapping wind at different parts and heights of the Central Campus and surrounding areas with a handheld anemometer and a wind vane. Understanding how buildings influence wind flow, and wind flow influences ambient temperature. Spotting cool places in campus. Checking options for wind/hybrid energy generation systems in campus.

The unit Wind looks at wind flow, measurement, energy and effects of wind on the environment.

1.      Lecture  1 - one with the wind: Global wind circulation, local impacts (1hr)                                                           An introduction to global wind patterns or the "general circulation", surface winds and their local influence

2.       Lecture 2 - Breathing life: wind influence on flora and fauna (1hr)

The class explains how changing wind patterns influence forests, farms and species dispersal 

3.       Lecture 3 - Windmills of your mind: wind as a renewable energy resource (1hr)

An introductory class on wind energy resources, their relevance, future and impacts on the environment.

1.       Field classes:  chasing the wind (1hr x 6 classes)

Measuring and mapping wind at different parts and heights of the Central Campus and surrounding areas with a handheld anemometer and a wind vane. Understanding how buildings influence wind flow, and wind flow influences ambient temperature. Spotting cool places in campus. Checking options for wind/hybrid energy generation systems in campus.

The unit Wind looks at wind flow, measurement, energy and effects of wind on the environment.

1.      Lecture  1 - one with the wind: Global wind circulation, local impacts (1hr)                                                           An introduction to global wind patterns or the "general circulation", surface winds and their local influence

2.       Lecture 2 - Breathing life: wind influence on flora and fauna (1hr)

The class explains how changing wind patterns influence forests, farms and species dispersal 

3.       Lecture 3 - Windmills of your mind: wind as a renewable energy resource (1hr)

An introductory class on wind energy resources, their relevance, future and impacts on the environment.

1.       Field classes:  chasing the wind (1hr x 6 classes)

Measuring and mapping wind at different parts and heights of the Central Campus and surrounding areas with a handheld anemometer and a wind vane. Understanding how buildings influence wind flow, and wind flow influences ambient temperature. Spotting cool places in campus. Checking options for wind/hybrid energy generation systems in campus.

Sky is all about understanding, mapping and  measuring space and planning its use in nature conservation.

1.       Lecture 1 - Mapping the world, its water and land (1hr)

A brief history of maps — from Herodotus to Google Earth. The class shows students various types of maps, and their use in life sciences research.

2.      Lecture 2 - Google me: an introduction to Google maps (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to Google maps

3.      Lecture 3 - GIS and tell: an introduction to Geographical Information System (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to using and making maps for relevant to life sciences research 

4.      Filed classes: Finding your way with Global Positioning System (GPS) (1 hr x 6 classes)  

      A hands-on introduction to GPS and map-making - using way markers and navigation charts inside the central campus; and creating and making entries on maps used for different purposes such as conservation and land use changes.

Sky is all about understanding, mapping and  measuring space and planning its use in nature conservation.

1.       Lecture 1 - Mapping the world, its water and land (1hr)

A brief history of maps — from Herodotus to Google Earth. The class shows students various types of maps, and their use in life sciences research.

2.      Lecture 2 - Google me: an introduction to Google maps (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to Google maps

3.      Lecture 3 - GIS and tell: an introduction to Geographical Information System (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to using and making maps for relevant to life sciences research 

4.      Filed classes: Finding your way with Global Positioning System (GPS) (1 hr x 6 classes)  

      A hands-on introduction to GPS and map-making - using way markers and navigation charts inside the central campus; and creating and making entries on maps used for different purposes such as conservation and land use changes.

Sky is all about understanding, mapping and  measuring space and planning its use in nature conservation.

1.       Lecture 1 - Mapping the world, its water and land (1hr)

A brief history of maps — from Herodotus to Google Earth. The class shows students various types of maps, and their use in life sciences research.

2.      Lecture 2 - Google me: an introduction to Google maps (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to Google maps

3.      Lecture 3 - GIS and tell: an introduction to Geographical Information System (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to using and making maps for relevant to life sciences research 

4.      Filed classes: Finding your way with Global Positioning System (GPS) (1 hr x 6 classes)  

      A hands-on introduction to GPS and map-making - using way markers and navigation charts inside the central campus; and creating and making entries on maps used for different purposes such as conservation and land use changes.

Sky is all about understanding, mapping and  measuring space and planning its use in nature conservation.

1.       Lecture 1 - Mapping the world, its water and land (1hr)

A brief history of maps — from Herodotus to Google Earth. The class shows students various types of maps, and their use in life sciences research.

2.      Lecture 2 - Google me: an introduction to Google maps (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to Google maps

3.      Lecture 3 - GIS and tell: an introduction to Geographical Information System (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to using and making maps for relevant to life sciences research 

4.      Filed classes: Finding your way with Global Positioning System (GPS) (1 hr x 6 classes)  

      A hands-on introduction to GPS and map-making - using way markers and navigation charts inside the central campus; and creating and making entries on maps used for different purposes such as conservation and land use changes.

Sky is all about understanding, mapping and  measuring space and planning its use in nature conservation.

1.       Lecture 1 - Mapping the world, its water and land (1hr)

A brief history of maps — from Herodotus to Google Earth. The class shows students various types of maps, and their use in life sciences research.

2.      Lecture 2 - Google me: an introduction to Google maps (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to Google maps

3.      Lecture 3 - GIS and tell: an introduction to Geographical Information System (1hr)

A hands-on introduction to using and making maps for relevant to life sciences research 

4.      Filed classes: Finding your way with Global Positioning System (GPS) (1 hr x 6 classes)  

      A hands-on introduction to GPS and map-making - using way markers and navigation charts inside the central campus; and creating and making entries on maps used for different purposes such as conservation and land use changes.

1. Nagendra, H (2016) Nature in the city: Bengaluru in the past, present and future, New Delhi: OUP.

2.  National Geographic (2024) Fieldwork: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/field-work/

3. Royal Geographical Society (2024) Ecosystem fieldwork techniques Ecosystems fieldwork techniques - RGS 

Essential watching

1.       A Life on our planet (Netflix)

2.       Don’t look up (Netflix) 

3.       Charles Darwin and the tree of life https://topdocumentaryfilms.com

(There will be options for screening the films on campus)

Dixit, K. and Subba, B. (2000) Water Wisdom, Kathmandu, Panos Institute, South Asia, PowerPoint presentations, news clippings and notes will be given for each session.

Recommended watching

1.       The boy who harnessed the wind (Netflix)

2.       Before the flood (YouTube)

3.       An inconvenient truth (Amazon Prime)

4.       Oppenheimer (Amazon Prime)

(There will be options for screening of these films on campus)

 CIA I – Quiz after each unit's theory classes – 20 marks

 CIA II – Midsemester exam (assignment based on fieldwork)– 50 marks

 CIA III - Quiz after each unit's practical classes – 20 marks

(CIA I-III marks will be given out of total of 90 and then halved to 45)

 Attendance – 5

 End Semester Exam – 50 marks

Total marks - 100 

To learn the basic principles, themes and steps needed to set-up and maintain an aquarium. This course will introduce students about the basic principles, themes and steps needed to set-up and manage a fish aquarium; explore various theoretical and practical approaches to aquarium keeping. This course will include sessions that emphasising that Aquarium keeping is an active field of entrepreneurship, as well as sessions that help students develop core skills within the context of the course.

Scope of Aquarium Fish industry as a Cottage Industry, Different varieties of exotic and indigenous fishes. Principles of a balanced aquarium; Fabrication, setting up and maintenance of freshwater and marine aquarium.  Aquarium accessories and decorative.

Scope of Aquarium Fish industry as a Cottage Industry, Different varieties of exotic and indigenous fishes. Principles of a balanced aquarium; Fabrication, setting up and maintenance of freshwater and marine aquarium.  Aquarium accessories and decorative.

Scope of Aquarium Fish industry as a Cottage Industry, Different varieties of exotic and indigenous fishes. Principles of a balanced aquarium; Fabrication, setting up and maintenance of freshwater and marine aquarium.  Aquarium accessories and decorative.

Scope of Aquarium Fish industry as a Cottage Industry, Different varieties of exotic and indigenous fishes. Principles of a balanced aquarium; Fabrication, setting up and maintenance of freshwater and marine aquarium.  Aquarium accessories and decorative.

Breeding and rearing of ornamental fishes. Broodstock management. Application of genetics and biotechnology for producing quality strains. Common characters and sexual dimorphism of Fresh water and Marine Aquarium fishes such as Molly, Sword tail, Gold fish, Angel fish, blue morph, Anemone fish and Butterfly fish.

Breeding and rearing of ornamental fishes. Broodstock management. Application of genetics and biotechnology for producing quality strains. Common characters and sexual dimorphism of Fresh water and Marine Aquarium fishes such as Molly, Sword tail, Gold fish, Angel fish, blue morph, Anemone fish and Butterfly fish.

Breeding and rearing of ornamental fishes. Broodstock management. Application of genetics and biotechnology for producing quality strains. Common characters and sexual dimorphism of Fresh water and Marine Aquarium fishes such as Molly, Sword tail, Gold fish, Angel fish, blue morph, Anemone fish and Butterfly fish.

Breeding and rearing of ornamental fishes. Broodstock management. Application of genetics and biotechnology for producing quality strains. Common characters and sexual dimorphism of Fresh water and Marine Aquarium fishes such as Molly, Sword tail, Gold fish, Angel fish, blue morph, Anemone fish and Butterfly fish.

Diversity of ornamental plants in India; identification, importance, propagation and maintenance of ornamental plants;Lighting and aeration

Diversity of ornamental plants in India; identification, importance, propagation and maintenance of ornamental plants;Lighting and aeration

Diversity of ornamental plants in India; identification, importance, propagation and maintenance of ornamental plants;Lighting and aeration

Diversity of ornamental plants in India; identification, importance, propagation and maintenance of ornamental plants;Lighting and aeration

Common physical, chemical and biological parameters of water affecting ornamental fishes, Management of water quality parameters of water.Water filteration system-biological, mechanical and chemical. Types of filters.

Common physical, chemical and biological parameters of water affecting ornamental fishes, Management of water quality parameters of water.Water filteration system-biological, mechanical and chemical. Types of filters.

Common physical, chemical and biological parameters of water affecting ornamental fishes, Management of water quality parameters of water.Water filteration system-biological, mechanical and chemical. Types of filters.

Common physical, chemical and biological parameters of water affecting ornamental fishes, Management of water quality parameters of water.Water filteration system-biological, mechanical and chemical. Types of filters.

Nutritional requirements of aquarium fishes; Different kinds of feeds; Preparation of dry feeds Aquarium fish feeds. Dry, wet and live feeds. 

Nutritional requirements of aquarium fishes; Different kinds of feeds; Preparation of dry feeds Aquarium fish feeds. Dry, wet and live feeds. 

Nutritional requirements of aquarium fishes; Different kinds of feeds; Preparation of dry feeds Aquarium fish feeds. Dry, wet and live feeds. 

Nutritional requirements of aquarium fishes; Different kinds of feeds; Preparation of dry feeds Aquarium fish feeds. Dry, wet and live feeds. 

Common diseases and their control; Conditioning, packing, transport and quarantine methods. Trade regulations and wildlife act in relation to ornamental fishes.

Common diseases and their control; Conditioning, packing, transport and quarantine methods. Trade regulations and wildlife act in relation to ornamental fishes.

Common diseases and their control; Conditioning, packing, transport and quarantine methods. Trade regulations and wildlife act in relation to ornamental fishes.

Common diseases and their control; Conditioning, packing, transport and quarantine methods. Trade regulations and wildlife act in relation to ornamental fishes.

1. Aquarium : Fish Keeping C B L Srivastava Published by Kitab Mahal. 

2. Aquariums: The Complete Guide to Freshwater and Saltwater Aquariums, Jan 2009 by Thierry Maitre-alain, Chrisitan Piednoir.

Internal assesement (100 %)

Internal Assessment: CIA 1(Quiz/ Tests/ MCQs/ Assignments) - 20 marks; CIA 2 (Midsemester Examination) Theory and Practical - 60 marks; CIA 3 (Quiz/ Tests/ MCQs/ Assignments - 20 marks) 

Internal Assessment (Test) Theory and Practical - 100 marks

Both the assessments will be scaled down to 50

This course will introduce students about the basic concepts of origin and growth of sericulture and sericulture as science; explore various theoretical and practical approach of mulberry cultivation and silkworm rearing. This course will include sessions that emphasising that Sericulture is an active field of research and entrepreneurship, as well as sessions that help students develop core skills within the context of the course.

Sericulture: Definition, history and present status; Silk route: Types of silkworms (Tasar, Muga, and Eri) and their food plants, Mulberry and non-mulberry Sericulture

Sericulture: Definition, history and present status; Silk route: Types of silkworms (Tasar, Muga, and Eri) and their food plants, Mulberry and non-mulberry Sericulture

Sericulture: Definition, history and present status; Silk route: Types of silkworms (Tasar, Muga, and Eri) and their food plants, Mulberry and non-mulberry Sericulture

Sericulture: Definition, history and present status; Silk route: Types of silkworms (Tasar, Muga, and Eri) and their food plants, Mulberry and non-mulberry Sericulture

Morphology and Life cycle of Bombyx mori, Structure of silk gland and secretion of silk.

Morphology and Life cycle of Bombyx mori, Structure of silk gland and secretion of silk.

Morphology and Life cycle of Bombyx mori, Structure of silk gland and secretion of silk.

Morphology and Life cycle of Bombyx mori, Structure of silk gland and secretion of silk.

Botanical description of mulberry. Economic importance of mulberry Plant; Morphology of mulberry plant; Different cultivars of mulberry; Floral biology of mulberry: Structure of male and female flowers, Planting system, pruning and training, propagation, irrigation, fertilizer application, manuring, composting, vermicomposting weeding method; Diseases of mulberry Leaf (Leaf spot, Powdery mildew, Leaf Rust, Leaf blight), root (root rot disease, root knot disease) and pest management (Mealy bug, Bihar hairy caterpillar, Jassid, Leaf roller, Scale insect, Termites and mites their preventive and control measures).

Botanical description of mulberry. Economic importance of mulberry Plant; Morphology of mulberry plant; Different cultivars of mulberry; Floral biology of mulberry: Structure of male and female flowers, Planting system, pruning and training, propagation, irrigation, fertilizer application, manuring, composting, vermicomposting weeding method; Diseases of mulberry Leaf (Leaf spot, Powdery mildew, Leaf Rust, Leaf blight), root (root rot disease, root knot disease) and pest management (Mealy bug, Bihar hairy caterpillar, Jassid, Leaf roller, Scale insect, Termites and mites their preventive and control measures).

Botanical description of mulberry. Economic importance of mulberry Plant; Morphology of mulberry plant; Different cultivars of mulberry; Floral biology of mulberry: Structure of male and female flowers, Planting system, pruning and training, propagation, irrigation, fertilizer application, manuring, composting, vermicomposting weeding method; Diseases of mulberry Leaf (Leaf spot, Powdery mildew, Leaf Rust, Leaf blight), root (root rot disease, root knot disease) and pest management (Mealy bug, Bihar hairy caterpillar, Jassid, Leaf roller, Scale insect, Termites and mites their preventive and control measures).

Botanical description of mulberry. Economic importance of mulberry Plant; Morphology of mulberry plant; Different cultivars of mulberry; Floral biology of mulberry: Structure of male and female flowers, Planting system, pruning and training, propagation, irrigation, fertilizer application, manuring, composting, vermicomposting weeding method; Diseases of mulberry Leaf (Leaf spot, Powdery mildew, Leaf Rust, Leaf blight), root (root rot disease, root knot disease) and pest management (Mealy bug, Bihar hairy caterpillar, Jassid, Leaf roller, Scale insect, Termites and mites their preventive and control measures).

Mulberry cultivation, Selection of land and establishment of mulberry garden, Different methods of planting –Organic and inorganic manure application, Rearing house and rearing appliances- Egg transportation and incubation –Egg handling – Hatching –Brushing –Silk worm rearing techniques

Disinfectants: Formalin, bleaching powder, Resham Keet Oushadh (RKO) Silkworm rearing technology: Early age and Late age rearing Types of mountages, Spinning, harvesting and storage of cocoons. 

Reeling methods – Reeling and Re-reeling –Silk examination, cleaning, lacing, bookmaking and grading of silk. Field visit to silk worm rearing centre and reeling industry.

Mulberry cultivation, Selection of land and establishment of mulberry garden, Different methods of planting –Organic and inorganic manure application, Rearing house and rearing appliances- Egg transportation and incubation –Egg handling – Hatching –Brushing –Silk worm rearing techniques

Disinfectants: Formalin, bleaching powder, Resham Keet Oushadh (RKO) Silkworm rearing technology: Early age and Late age rearing Types of mountages, Spinning, harvesting and storage of cocoons. 

Reeling methods – Reeling and Re-reeling –Silk examination, cleaning, lacing, bookmaking and grading of silk. Field visit to silk worm rearing centre and reeling industry.

Mulberry cultivation, Selection of land and establishment of mulberry garden, Different methods of planting –Organic and inorganic manure application, Rearing house and rearing appliances- Egg transportation and incubation –Egg handling – Hatching –Brushing –Silk worm rearing techniques

Disinfectants: Formalin, bleaching powder, Resham Keet Oushadh (RKO) Silkworm rearing technology: Early age and Late age rearing Types of mountages, Spinning, harvesting and storage of cocoons. 

Reeling methods – Reeling and Re-reeling –Silk examination, cleaning, lacing, bookmaking and grading of silk. Field visit to silk worm rearing centre and reeling industry.

Mulberry cultivation, Selection of land and establishment of mulberry garden, Different methods of planting –Organic and inorganic manure application, Rearing house and rearing appliances- Egg transportation and incubation –Egg handling – Hatching –Brushing –Silk worm rearing techniques

Disinfectants: Formalin, bleaching powder, Resham Keet Oushadh (RKO) Silkworm rearing technology: Early age and Late age rearing Types of mountages, Spinning, harvesting and storage of cocoons. 

Reeling methods – Reeling and Re-reeling –Silk examination, cleaning, lacing, bookmaking and grading of silk. Field visit to silk worm rearing centre and reeling industry.

Pests of silkworm: Uzi fly, dermestid beetles and vertebrates Pathogenesis of silkworm diseases: Protozoan, viral, fungal and bacterial Control and prevention of pests and diseases.

Pests of silkworm: Uzi fly, dermestid beetles and vertebrates Pathogenesis of silkworm diseases: Protozoan, viral, fungal and bacterial Control and prevention of pests and diseases.

Pests of silkworm: Uzi fly, dermestid beetles and vertebrates Pathogenesis of silkworm diseases: Protozoan, viral, fungal and bacterial Control and prevention of pests and diseases.

Pests of silkworm: Uzi fly, dermestid beetles and vertebrates Pathogenesis of silkworm diseases: Protozoan, viral, fungal and bacterial Control and prevention of pests and diseases.

1. Text Book of Tropical Sericulture. Publ., Japan Overseas Corporation volunteers – 1975. 

2. Silkworm Rearing Techniques in the Tropics, Dr. S. Omura, Japan International Cooperation Agency, 1980. 

3. Muga Silk Industry by S. N. Choudhary, Directorate of Sericulture and weaving, Govt. of Assam, 1982. 

1. The natures and property of soils (9th edition) N. C. Brady (Mac Millan pub. Co. Inc., New York.

2. Studies on soils of India, S. V. Govind Rajan and H. G. Gopala Rao (1970), Vikas Publ. House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

3. Handbook of Practical Sericulture: S.R. Ullal and M.N. Narasimhanna CSB, Bangalore  

4. Appropriate Sericultural Techniques; Ed. M. S. Jolly, Director, CSR & TI, Mysore.  

5. Handbook of Silkworm Rearing: Agriculture and Technical Manual-1, Fuzi Pub. Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan1972.  

6. Manual of Silkworm Egg Production; M. N. Narasimhanna, CSB, Bangalore 1988.  

7. Silkworm Rearing; Wupang—Chun and Chen Da-Chung, Pub. By FAO, Rome 1988. 

8. Tasar culture. Dr. M. S. Jolly et. al., CSB, 1974.

Internal Assessment: CIA 1(Quiz/ Tests/ MCQs/ Assignments) - 20 marks; CIA 2 (Midsemester Examination) 60 marks; CIA 3 (Quiz/ Tests/ MCQs/ Assignments - 20 marks)

Internal Final Assessment: Theory and Practical - 100 marks

Both the assessments will be scaled down to 100

This course begins with a brief history of apiculture and its importance. Concise information on the equipment needed, handling of honey bee colonies, seasonal management, and economics has been provided. Because this course includes both theory and practice, the reading material is simple and to the point, which will aid them in learning practical beekeeping more effectively.

Honey bee species and identification: Introduction to honey bee; Origin, systematics and distribution; Types of honey bees, Species of honey bees. Bee identification

Honey bee species and identification: Introduction to honey bee; Origin, systematics and distribution; Types of honey bees, Species of honey bees. Bee identification

Honey bee species and identification: Introduction to honey bee; Origin, systematics and distribution; Types of honey bees, Species of honey bees. Bee identification

Honey bee species and identification: Introduction to honey bee; Origin, systematics and distribution; Types of honey bees, Species of honey bees. Bee identification

Basic requirements for starting bee keeping: Getting Started in Beekeeping - Land and Buildings, Equipments and supplies - Vehicle, hives; Seasonal management of honey bees: Honey bees on Canola, Spring management of bees, Wintering bees, Apiary management for winter/early spring pollination. Summer management honey production; Queen rearing and colony multiplication: Raising honey bee queens. Developmental stages of queen bee, Requirements for rearing good queens, Methods of rearing queens, Hopkins Method, Alley Method, Miller Method, Dequeening Method, Raising Queen on double and Whole Brood Comb.

Basic requirements for starting bee keeping: Getting Started in Beekeeping - Land and Buildings, Equipments and supplies - Vehicle, hives; Seasonal management of honey bees: Honey bees on Canola, Spring management of bees, Wintering bees, Apiary management for winter/early spring pollination. Summer management honey production; Queen rearing and colony multiplication: Raising honey bee queens. Developmental stages of queen bee, Requirements for rearing good queens, Methods of rearing queens, Hopkins Method, Alley Method, Miller Method, Dequeening Method, Raising Queen on double and Whole Brood Comb.

Basic requirements for starting bee keeping: Getting Started in Beekeeping - Land and Buildings, Equipments and supplies - Vehicle, hives; Seasonal management of honey bees: Honey bees on Canola, Spring management of bees, Wintering bees, Apiary management for winter/early spring pollination. Summer management honey production; Queen rearing and colony multiplication: Raising honey bee queens. Developmental stages of queen bee, Requirements for rearing good queens, Methods of rearing queens, Hopkins Method, Alley Method, Miller Method, Dequeening Method, Raising Queen on double and Whole Brood Comb.

Basic requirements for starting bee keeping: Getting Started in Beekeeping - Land and Buildings, Equipments and supplies - Vehicle, hives; Seasonal management of honey bees: Honey bees on Canola, Spring management of bees, Wintering bees, Apiary management for winter/early spring pollination. Summer management honey production; Queen rearing and colony multiplication: Raising honey bee queens. Developmental stages of queen bee, Requirements for rearing good queens, Methods of rearing queens, Hopkins Method, Alley Method, Miller Method, Dequeening Method, Raising Queen on double and Whole Brood Comb.

Bee enemies  - Wax Moth, Ants, Wasps, Microorganisms, Pests. Diagnosis and Identification; Bacterial, viral, fungal & protozoan diseases: Bacterial disease - American Foulbrood, European Foulbrood, Viral disease - Deformed Wing Virus, Sacbrood Viru, Black Queen Cell Virus, Kashmir Bee Virus, Acute Bee Paralysis Virus; Fungal disease - Chalkbrood, Stonebrood; Protozoan disease - Nosemosis, Nosema cerana; Pesticide poisoning of bees and mitigation: Definition of pesticides, types of pesticides and their length of residual toxicity, Pesticides and pollinators, Toxicity to bees – Honey bee health, Colony collapse disorder

Bee enemies  - Wax Moth, Ants, Wasps, Microorganisms, Pests. Diagnosis and Identification; Bacterial, viral, fungal & protozoan diseases: Bacterial disease - American Foulbrood, European Foulbrood, Viral disease - Deformed Wing Virus, Sacbrood Viru, Black Queen Cell Virus, Kashmir Bee Virus, Acute Bee Paralysis Virus; Fungal disease - Chalkbrood, Stonebrood; Protozoan disease - Nosemosis, Nosema cerana; Pesticide poisoning of bees and mitigation: Definition of pesticides, types of pesticides and their length of residual toxicity, Pesticides and pollinators, Toxicity to bees – Honey bee health, Colony collapse disorder

Bee enemies  - Wax Moth, Ants, Wasps, Microorganisms, Pests. Diagnosis and Identification; Bacterial, viral, fungal & protozoan diseases: Bacterial disease - American Foulbrood, European Foulbrood, Viral disease - Deformed Wing Virus, Sacbrood Viru, Black Queen Cell Virus, Kashmir Bee Virus, Acute Bee Paralysis Virus; Fungal disease - Chalkbrood, Stonebrood; Protozoan disease - Nosemosis, Nosema cerana; Pesticide poisoning of bees and mitigation: Definition of pesticides, types of pesticides and their length of residual toxicity, Pesticides and pollinators, Toxicity to bees – Honey bee health, Colony collapse disorder

Bee enemies  - Wax Moth, Ants, Wasps, Microorganisms, Pests. Diagnosis and Identification; Bacterial, viral, fungal & protozoan diseases: Bacterial disease - American Foulbrood, European Foulbrood, Viral disease - Deformed Wing Virus, Sacbrood Viru, Black Queen Cell Virus, Kashmir Bee Virus, Acute Bee Paralysis Virus; Fungal disease - Chalkbrood, Stonebrood; Protozoan disease - Nosemosis, Nosema cerana; Pesticide poisoning of bees and mitigation: Definition of pesticides, types of pesticides and their length of residual toxicity, Pesticides and pollinators, Toxicity to bees – Honey bee health, Colony collapse disorder

Bee products (honey, pollen, royal jelly, bees wax, propolis & venom) and their significance; Value added honey products; Economics of bee keeping, Economic Value of Commercial Beekeeping; Marketing of bee products (honey comb and honey, pollination services, wax, propolis, pollen, royal jelly, Bee venom, adult and larval bees.

Bee products (honey, pollen, royal jelly, bees wax, propolis & venom) and their significance; Value added honey products; Economics of bee keeping, Economic Value of Commercial Beekeeping; Marketing of bee products (honey comb and honey, pollination services, wax, propolis, pollen, royal jelly, Bee venom, adult and larval bees.

Bee products (honey, pollen, royal jelly, bees wax, propolis & venom) and their significance; Value added honey products; Economics of bee keeping, Economic Value of Commercial Beekeeping; Marketing of bee products (honey comb and honey, pollination services, wax, propolis, pollen, royal jelly, Bee venom, adult and larval bees.

Bee products (honey, pollen, royal jelly, bees wax, propolis & venom) and their significance; Value added honey products; Economics of bee keeping, Economic Value of Commercial Beekeeping; Marketing of bee products (honey comb and honey, pollination services, wax, propolis, pollen, royal jelly, Bee venom, adult and larval bees.

Internal Assessment: CIA 1(Quiz/ Tests/ MCQs/ Assignments) - 20 marks; CIA 2 (Midsemester Examination) 60 marks; CIA 3 (Quiz/ Tests/ MCQs/ Assignments - 20 marks)

Internal Final Assessment: Theory and Practical - 100 marks

Both the assessments will be scaled down to 100

This course introduces the students to the world of microbes discussing their salient features and importance. It discusses the fundamental principles and procedures of microbiology research and highlights GLP. The course further covers the basics of biostatistics essential for dealing with the analytical part of biological research. It surveys bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, as well as their growth characteristics and morphology. This course guides the students to learn appropriate microbiology.

History and scope of Microbiology, Microscopy – Light, Phase contrast, Fluorescence & Electron microscopy: Stains and staining techniques - Gram’s, acid fast, capsular, flagellar and endospore staining. Physical and Chemical control of microorganisms. Methods of Sterilization, Methods for  isolation of pure culture, Culture and Media preparation – Solid and Liquid – Types of Media – Synthetic and Complex, Enriched, Enrichment, Selective and Differential media  Anaerobic culture technique – Candle Jar method, Wright‟s tube, Roll tube, Mclntoshfilde‟s jar method. Methods for enumeration of bacteria, Characters used for classification of microbes.

History and scope of Microbiology, Microscopy – Light, Phase contrast, Fluorescence & Electron microscopy: Stains and staining techniques - Gram’s, acid fast, capsular, flagellar and endospore staining. Physical and Chemical control of microorganisms. Methods of Sterilization, Methods for  isolation of pure culture, Culture and Media preparation – Solid and Liquid – Types of Media – Synthetic and Complex, Enriched, Enrichment, Selective and Differential media  Anaerobic culture technique – Candle Jar method, Wright‟s tube, Roll tube, Mclntoshfilde‟s jar method. Methods for enumeration of bacteria, Characters used for classification of microbes.

History and scope of Microbiology, Microscopy – Light, Phase contrast, Fluorescence & Electron microscopy: Stains and staining techniques - Gram’s, acid fast, capsular, flagellar and endospore staining. Physical and Chemical control of microorganisms. Methods of Sterilization, Methods for  isolation of pure culture, Culture and Media preparation – Solid and Liquid – Types of Media – Synthetic and Complex, Enriched, Enrichment, Selective and Differential media  Anaerobic culture technique – Candle Jar method, Wright‟s tube, Roll tube, Mclntoshfilde‟s jar method. Methods for enumeration of bacteria, Characters used for classification of microbes.

History and scope of Microbiology, Microscopy – Light, Phase contrast, Fluorescence & Electron microscopy: Stains and staining techniques - Gram’s, acid fast, capsular, flagellar and endospore staining. Physical and Chemical control of microorganisms. Methods of Sterilization, Methods for  isolation of pure culture, Culture and Media preparation – Solid and Liquid – Types of Media – Synthetic and Complex, Enriched, Enrichment, Selective and Differential media  Anaerobic culture technique – Candle Jar method, Wright‟s tube, Roll tube, Mclntoshfilde‟s jar method. Methods for enumeration of bacteria, Characters used for classification of microbes.

Structure of bacteria, classification based on shape and arrangement of cells, flagella – structure & function, Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial cell wall structural features, endospore formation, Functions of pili and capsule,  Antibiotics - history, mode of action, antibiotic resistance- types, causes, Superbugs

Structure of bacteria, classification based on shape and arrangement of cells, flagella – structure & function, Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial cell wall structural features, endospore formation, Functions of pili and capsule,  Antibiotics - history, mode of action, antibiotic resistance- types, causes, Superbugs

Structure of bacteria, classification based on shape and arrangement of cells, flagella – structure & function, Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial cell wall structural features, endospore formation, Functions of pili and capsule,  Antibiotics - history, mode of action, antibiotic resistance- types, causes, Superbugs

Structure of bacteria, classification based on shape and arrangement of cells, flagella – structure & function, Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial cell wall structural features, endospore formation, Functions of pili and capsule,  Antibiotics - history, mode of action, antibiotic resistance- types, causes, Superbugs

Viruses – Structure and classification, Plant Viruses – TMV, CaMV, Animal viruses – HIV, Hepatitis B, Herpes Simplex Virus,  Phages- types, plaque assay, life cycle of bacteriophage  Lambda.

Viruses – Structure and classification, Plant Viruses – TMV, CaMV, Animal viruses – HIV, Hepatitis B, Herpes Simplex Virus,  Phages- types, plaque assay, life cycle of bacteriophage  Lambda.

Viruses – Structure and classification, Plant Viruses – TMV, CaMV, Animal viruses – HIV, Hepatitis B, Herpes Simplex Virus,  Phages- types, plaque assay, life cycle of bacteriophage  Lambda.

Viruses – Structure and classification, Plant Viruses – TMV, CaMV, Animal viruses – HIV, Hepatitis B, Herpes Simplex Virus,  Phages- types, plaque assay, life cycle of bacteriophage  Lambda.

Fungi- Salient features, classification and reproduction of fungi, beneficial and harmful fungi, Life Cycle of Rhizopus, Mycorrhizae and lichens- types and significance, Algae - classification, uses of algae.

Fungi- Salient features, classification and reproduction of fungi, beneficial and harmful fungi, Life Cycle of Rhizopus, Mycorrhizae and lichens- types and significance, Algae - classification, uses of algae.

Fungi- Salient features, classification and reproduction of fungi, beneficial and harmful fungi, Life Cycle of Rhizopus, Mycorrhizae and lichens- types and significance, Algae - classification, uses of algae.

Fungi- Salient features, classification and reproduction of fungi, beneficial and harmful fungi, Life Cycle of Rhizopus, Mycorrhizae and lichens- types and significance, Algae - classification, uses of algae.

2) M. J. Pelczar Jr, E. C. S. Chan and N. R. Krieg, Microbiology, 5 th ed. New Delhi: Tata McGgraw Hill Education Pvt Ltd., 2004.

3) R. C. Dubey and D. K. Maheswari, Microbiology, New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd., 2010.

2) G. J. Tortora, B. R. Funke, and C. L. Case, An Introduction to Microbiology, 11 th ed. USA: Benjamin Cummings, 2012.

3) R. Ananthanarayan and C. K. J. Paniker, Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology 8 thed. Universities Press. 2009.

4) Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke & Christine L. Case,(2013). Microbiology – An Introduction 11thEd. Pearson

● CIA 1: 10%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 25% (50 marks)

● CIA 3: 10 %

● Attendance: 5 %

CIA total: 50 marks (50%)

End Semester examination: 100 marks (50%)

The paper introduces the students with the fundamental principles and practices of microbiology and provides hands-on experience in working with microbes. All these are of immense application in medical, industrial and agricultural fields. 

1. Safety measures in microbiology laboratory

2. Instrumentation

3. Cleaning and Sterilization of Glasswares and preparation of Cotton plug

4. Preparation of Culture Media

5. Isolation of Microorganisms from environment

6. Study of Colony Characteristics of Bacteria

7. Pure culture techniques

8. Simple staining of bacteria

9. Gram staining

10. Motility testing of bacteria

11. Endospore staining

12. Sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics

13. Biochemical tests (IMViC & Catalase)

14. Study of fungi

1. Safety measures in microbiology laboratory

2. Instrumentation

3. Cleaning and Sterilization of Glasswares and preparation of Cotton plug

4. Preparation of Culture Media

5. Isolation of Microorganisms from environment

6. Study of Colony Characteristics of Bacteria

7. Pure culture techniques

8. Simple staining of bacteria

9. Gram staining

10. Motility testing of bacteria

11. Endospore staining

12. Sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics

13. Biochemical tests (IMViC & Catalase)

14. Study of fungi

1. Safety measures in microbiology laboratory

2. Instrumentation

3. Cleaning and Sterilization of Glasswares and preparation of Cotton plug

4. Preparation of Culture Media

5. Isolation of Microorganisms from environment

6. Study of Colony Characteristics of Bacteria

7. Pure culture techniques

8. Simple staining of bacteria

9. Gram staining

10. Motility testing of bacteria

11. Endospore staining

12. Sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics

13. Biochemical tests (IMViC & Catalase)

14. Study of fungi

1. Safety measures in microbiology laboratory

2. Instrumentation

3. Cleaning and Sterilization of Glasswares and preparation of Cotton plug

4. Preparation of Culture Media

5. Isolation of Microorganisms from environment

6. Study of Colony Characteristics of Bacteria

7. Pure culture techniques

8. Simple staining of bacteria

9. Gram staining

10. Motility testing of bacteria

11. Endospore staining

12. Sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics

13. Biochemical tests (IMViC & Catalase)

14. Study of fungi

2. Joanne Willey and Kathleen Sandman and Dorothy Wood, (2020).Prescott‟s Microbiology 11thEd. Mc Graw Hill Book.

3. M. J. Pelczar Jr, E. C. S. Chan and N. R. Krieg, Microbiology, 5 th ed. New Delhi: Tata McGgraw Hill Education Pvt Ltd., 2004.

2. R. Ananthanarayan and C. K. J. Paniker, Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology 8 thed. Universities Press. 2009.

3. Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke & Christine L. Case,(2013). Microbiology – An Introduction 11thEd. Pearson

● Performance (CIA1): 20%

● CIA 2 (Mid Semester Examination): 20% (40 marks)

● Record: 10%

CIA total: 50 marks (50%)

End Semester examination: 50 marks (50%)

ESE practical question pattern

Total Marks: 50         Duration : 3Hrs

Question paper Pattern

1. Performance of Microbiology technique- Gram staining/Endospore staining

(Principle- 4m, Materials Required - 2m Procedure- 4m, Result- 10 m) - 20 marks

2. Identify the biochemical test and write the principle and procedure - 5 marks

(Identification - 1 mark, Principle- 2m, Procedure-2m)

3. Logical questions/Problems (3 x 3 marks) - 9 marks

4. Spotters (4m X 4 - Identification – 1m, Comments- 3m) - 16 marks

This course will introduce the students to basic concepts of acids and bases including Organic and Analytical Chemistry. In this course the students also acquire knowledge of the applications of bioinorganic chemistry.

Periodic table; Chemistry of s, p, d, block elements: introduction, properties. Chemical compound formation, chemical bonding, ionic bonding; Covalent bonding; general characteristics, sigma and pi bonds, bond length, bond order, formal charge; Hydrogen bond (theories of hydrogen bonding, valence bond treatment); Metallic bond

Periodic table; Chemistry of s, p, d, block elements: introduction, properties. Chemical compound formation, chemical bonding, ionic bonding; Covalent bonding; general characteristics, sigma and pi bonds, bond length, bond order, formal charge; Hydrogen bond (theories of hydrogen bonding, valence bond treatment); Metallic bond

Periodic table; Chemistry of s, p, d, block elements: introduction, properties. Chemical compound formation, chemical bonding, ionic bonding; Covalent bonding; general characteristics, sigma and pi bonds, bond length, bond order, formal charge; Hydrogen bond (theories of hydrogen bonding, valence bond treatment); Metallic bond

Metal ions in biological systems, Ion transport, Mechanism of action of sodium potassium pump. Oxygen transport systems- Metalloporphyrins - Haemoglobin and myoglobin, pH of blood.

Metal storage and transport – ferritin and transferrin, Electron transfer proteins-cytochromes, Chlorophyll and photosynthesis (mechanism not expected), Metalloproteins as enzymes – Carbonic anhydrase, Carboxy peptidase, cytochrome P 450, alcohol dehydrogenase

Toxicity of metal ions-Pb, Hg and As. Anticancer drugs: Cis-platin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin –Structure and significance.

Metal ions in biological systems, Ion transport, Mechanism of action of sodium potassium pump. Oxygen transport systems- Metalloporphyrins - Haemoglobin and myoglobin, pH of blood.

Metal storage and transport – ferritin and transferrin, Electron transfer proteins-cytochromes, Chlorophyll and photosynthesis (mechanism not expected), Metalloproteins as enzymes – Carbonic anhydrase, Carboxy peptidase, cytochrome P 450, alcohol dehydrogenase

Toxicity of metal ions-Pb, Hg and As. Anticancer drugs: Cis-platin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin –Structure and significance.

Metal ions in biological systems, Ion transport, Mechanism of action of sodium potassium pump. Oxygen transport systems- Metalloporphyrins - Haemoglobin and myoglobin, pH of blood.

Metal storage and transport – ferritin and transferrin, Electron transfer proteins-cytochromes, Chlorophyll and photosynthesis (mechanism not expected), Metalloproteins as enzymes – Carbonic anhydrase, Carboxy peptidase, cytochrome P 450, alcohol dehydrogenase

Toxicity of metal ions-Pb, Hg and As. Anticancer drugs: Cis-platin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin –Structure and significance.

Prelearning: Concept of acidity and basicity. Arrheinus concept, Lewis concept Lowry – Bronsted concept of acids and bases. relative strengths of acid base pairs, Lux Flood concept, Solvent system concept, Limitations, relative strength of acids and bases. explanation of levelling effect on the basis of the solvent system concept.

Hard and soft acids and bases- Pearson concept, application of HSAB principles – Stability of compounds / complexes, predicting the feasibility of a reaction.

Prelearning: Concept of acidity and basicity. Arrheinus concept, Lewis concept Lowry – Bronsted concept of acids and bases. relative strengths of acid base pairs, Lux Flood concept, Solvent system concept, Limitations, relative strength of acids and bases. explanation of levelling effect on the basis of the solvent system concept.

Hard and soft acids and bases- Pearson concept, application of HSAB principles – Stability of compounds / complexes, predicting the feasibility of a reaction.

Prelearning: Concept of acidity and basicity. Arrheinus concept, Lewis concept Lowry – Bronsted concept of acids and bases. relative strengths of acid base pairs, Lux Flood concept, Solvent system concept, Limitations, relative strength of acids and bases. explanation of levelling effect on the basis of the solvent system concept.

Hard and soft acids and bases- Pearson concept, application of HSAB principles – Stability of compounds / complexes, predicting the feasibility of a reaction.

Classification & nomenclature of organic compounds; Hybridization; Isomerism; Electronic Displacements: Inductive Effect, Electromeric Effect, Resonance, Hyperconjugation and steric effect. Effect of the above on strength of organic acids and bases: Comparative study with emphasis on factors affecting pK values. Nucleophiles and electrophiles. Types of organic reactions: Addition, elimination, substitution, rearrangement and redox reactions (definition and one example each).

Hydrocarbons; Organic compounds containing halogens, oxygen and nitrogen; Polymers.

Classification & nomenclature of organic compounds; Hybridization; Isomerism; Electronic Displacements: Inductive Effect, Electromeric Effect, Resonance, Hyperconjugation and steric effect. Effect of the above on strength of organic acids and bases: Comparative study with emphasis on factors affecting pK values. Nucleophiles and electrophiles. Types of organic reactions: Addition, elimination, substitution, rearrangement and redox reactions (definition and one example each).

Hydrocarbons; Organic compounds containing halogens, oxygen and nitrogen; Polymers.

Classification & nomenclature of organic compounds; Hybridization; Isomerism; Electronic Displacements: Inductive Effect, Electromeric Effect, Resonance, Hyperconjugation and steric effect. Effect of the above on strength of organic acids and bases: Comparative study with emphasis on factors affecting pK values. Nucleophiles and electrophiles. Types of organic reactions: Addition, elimination, substitution, rearrangement and redox reactions (definition and one example each).

Hydrocarbons; Organic compounds containing halogens, oxygen and nitrogen; Polymers.

Introduction to quantitative and qualitative analysis.

Introduction to separation techniques: crystallization and precipitation, Solvent extraction: Introduction– Classification– Principles and application of solvent extraction.

Nernst’s distribution law, distribution coefficient.

Chromatographic techniques: Introduction, Classification, Principles and Applications of column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (mention only). solid phase extraction

Introduction to quantitative and qualitative analysis.

Introduction to separation techniques: crystallization and precipitation, Solvent extraction: Introduction– Classification– Principles and application of solvent extraction.

Nernst’s distribution law, distribution coefficient.

Chromatographic techniques: Introduction, Classification, Principles and Applications of column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (mention only). solid phase extraction

Introduction to quantitative and qualitative analysis.

Introduction to separation techniques: crystallization and precipitation, Solvent extraction: Introduction– Classification– Principles and application of solvent extraction.

Nernst’s distribution law, distribution coefficient.

Chromatographic techniques: Introduction, Classification, Principles and Applications of column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (mention only). solid phase extraction

Consequences of light absorption: The Jablonski Diagram, Laws of photochemistry: Grotthuss-Draper law, Stark-Einstein law, Differences between photophysical and photochemical processes with examples. Comparison of photochemical and thermal reactions.

Kinetics of photochemical reactions: (1) Kinetics of Hydrogen-Chlorine reaction (2) Kinetics of Hydrogen-Bromine reaction (4) Kinetics of dimerisation of anthracene.

Photosensitization, photostationary equilibrium. Singlet and triplet states-Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, Luminescence, Bioluminescence, chemical sensors.

Beer-Lambert’s law: Absorption coefficient and molar extinction coefficient. Applications.

Consequences of light absorption: The Jablonski Diagram, Laws of photochemistry: Grotthuss-Draper law, Stark-Einstein law, Differences between photophysical and photochemical processes with examples. Comparison of photochemical and thermal reactions.

Kinetics of photochemical reactions: (1) Kinetics of Hydrogen-Chlorine reaction (2) Kinetics of Hydrogen-Bromine reaction (4) Kinetics of dimerisation of anthracene.

Photosensitization, photostationary equilibrium. Singlet and triplet states-Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, Luminescence, Bioluminescence, chemical sensors.

Beer-Lambert’s law: Absorption coefficient and molar extinction coefficient. Applications.

Consequences of light absorption: The Jablonski Diagram, Laws of photochemistry: Grotthuss-Draper law, Stark-Einstein law, Differences between photophysical and photochemical processes with examples. Comparison of photochemical and thermal reactions.

Kinetics of photochemical reactions: (1) Kinetics of Hydrogen-Chlorine reaction (2) Kinetics of Hydrogen-Bromine reaction (4) Kinetics of dimerisation of anthracene.

Photosensitization, photostationary equilibrium. Singlet and triplet states-Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, Luminescence, Bioluminescence, chemical sensors.

Beer-Lambert’s law: Absorption coefficient and molar extinction coefficient. Applications.

2. B. Mehta, M. Mehta, Organic Chemistry, PHI Learning Private Limited, 2017.

Edition, New Age International Publishers (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 2007.

2. J. D. Lee, Concise Inorganic Chemistry, 5th edn., Blackwell Science, London.

3.. Glasstone Samuel, Textbook of Physical Chemistry. 2 nd ed. Mcmillan, 2007.

• To expose learners to a variety of texts to interact with
• To help learners classify ideologies and be able to express the same
• To expose learners to visual texts and its reading formulas
• To help learners develop a taste to appreciate works of literature through the organization of language
• To help develop critical thinking
• To help learners appreciate literature and the language nuances that enhances its literary values

• To help learners understand the relationship between the world around them and the text/literature
• To help learners negotiate with content and infer meaning contextually
• To help learners understand logical sequencing of content and process information

·         To help improve their communication skills for larger academic purposes and vocational purposes

·         To enable learners to learn the contextual use of words and the generic meaning

·         To enable learners to listen to audio content and infer contextual meaning

·         To enable learners to be able to speak for various purposes and occasions using context specific language and expressions

·         To enable learners to develop the ability to write for various purposes using suitable and precise language.

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing

• 1. The Happy Prince- Oscar Wilde
• 2. Sonnet 18- William Shakespeare

Common errors- subject-verb agreement, punctuation, tense errors  Just a minute talk, cubing